Facts About Grandparents and 529 Plans

HomeFinancePlanHow Grandparents Can Pay for College with 529 PlansThis page may contain affiliate links.Dec 14, 2019Many families save for college by putting money away in a state’s standard 529 Plan, a college education savings account exempted from federal taxes. But what many families may not understand fully is how their 529 assets affect their â€Å"expected family contribution† (EFC). Grandparents 529 Plan Rules Know you EFC Your EFC is the dollar amount generated when you fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). It’s the amount the federal government says your family can contribute to college costs. It’s based on your income and assets, and it’s usually an uncomfortably high amount for families, and it doesn’t necessarily reflect the true cost of a college to you. Many colleges aren’t able to cover the difference between sticker price and your EFC, so they may charge you even more. But it’s possible to lower your EFC come FAFSA-filing time if you’re strategic about where you save your 529 money. If you save 75 percent in the parents’ name and 25 percent under a grandparent’s name, you can minimize the effect of assets on your EFC. The FAFSA only asks for assets listed in the parents’ and student’s names. It does not ask for assets saved by a grandparent in a 529 plan. [Learn How Your EFC Is Really Calculated] Doesn’t hold for profile schools It’s very important to understand that if your child is applying to a selective college that uses the CSS Profile in addition to the FAFSA—the Ivies and liberal arts colleges such as Bowdoin, Carlton, or Colorado College (some 280 institutions)—assets sheltered in a grandparent’s name must be reported. So, in that case, you’ll be out of luck. The Profile asks many more questions than the FAFSA, and it’s very difficult to tinker with your assets to change your EFC. (It’s worth noting that more families qualify for financial aid at private colleges.) Grandparent 529 Benefits For students applying to FAFSA-only schools—the vast majority of colleges—it can pay to put money in a grandparent’s 529 plan. The trick, however, is to use the funds to pay for college at the right time. If you use grandparent 529 money to pay for your child’s freshman fees, the withdrawn 529 funds must be reported as student income on the sophomore-year FAFSA. Student income is assessed at 50 percent in the EFC calculation, and can raise a family EFC significantly, compared to parent assets calculated at 5.6 percent. If your student doesnt need the money from grandparents for the first two years of college, a good strategy to follow is to use parent 529 funds for the first two years of college, drawing down parent assets, and grandparent funds during the junior and senior years, because by then, the distribution won’t count toward and inflate an EFC calculation. [The Ins and Outs of 529 Plans For College Savings] Effects of FAFSA Timeline on 529 Distributions The FAFSA opens on October 1. Families will use â€Å"prior-prior-year† tax forms, which means you’ll use your 2018 tax return to fill out the FAFSA for 2020 financial aid. You’ll also be able to use the IRS Data Retrieval tool for easy population of numbers. Grandparent 529s can now be used for the junior and senior year because your sophomore year income is what you will report for the senior-year FAFSA. Thus, grandparent 529 funds can be used to pay for junior and senior year college fees without negatively affecting the senior EFC—unless your child is headed into a fifth year. Gifting College Money From Grandparents to Parents Another option grandparents can consider when helping to pay for college is to gift money to parents. As of 2018, each grandparent can gift up to $15,000 to each parent. Thats a total of $60,000 per year that can be gifted from grandparents to parents without triggering gift taxes. The parent(s) can then in turn use that money to pay college costs. In order to not impact any financial aid eligibility, timing for this type of gifting is critical. Its best for grandparents to gift money to parents AFTER FAFSA has been filed. Parent and student assets must be reported as of the day FAFSA is filed. If grandparents gift money after FAFSA is filed, and parents then use the money to pay for college costs before the next FAFSA is filed, the money will not impact the familys EFC and financial aid eligibility. Things get trickier if your student is applying to schools that use the CSS Profile. Though gifts made to parents are not considered income on FAFSA, they are considered income when filling out the CSS Profile. Of course if parents have a high enough income/assets that your EFC is higher than the cost of your child’s college and you dont qualify for any need-based aid, you dont need to be concerned with any of the options discussed above. But it does pay to fill out FAFSA anyway, because institutions use it to calculate all manner of grants and scholarships, even merit scholarships. So don’t get burned by not filling it out.

Research Papers on World War Two

<h1>Research Papers on World War Two</h1><p>The Internet has changed the manner in which individuals do their examination papers. While the greater part of the data you read about the historical backdrop of world war two is through books and news distributions, numerous individuals utilize the Internet to discover their data. While this can be an incredible wellspring of verifiable data, there are as yet a few things you have to think about how to approach investigating World War 2 information.</p><p></p><p>One of the most ideal approaches to look into the historical backdrop of World War 2 is to ensure that you are utilizing essential source material. This will guarantee that you don't have anything to contend with. Furthermore, on the off chance that you are going to utilize the Internet, ensure that you are utilizing essential source material in light of the fact that the Internet can contain anything from counterfeit data to through and t hrough derogatory attacks.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise search for the assessments of individuals who have not utilized the Internet to get their data. This means you should search for companions, relatives and colleagues who have not been utilizing the Internet to discover their data. This is an incredible method to get your exploration papers on World War two exceptional. While these individuals are a decent wellspring of data, they won't have all the data accessible for you will need to limit your exploration to simply the realities that you need.</p><p></p><p>When you do your examination papers on World War two, you will need to check whether there are any motion pictures or TV programs that have addressed this timeframe. You will likewise need to check whether there are any periodicals that manage the timeframe you are inquiring about. This can be an extraordinary method to get some answers concerning the foundation of a per iod and you will have the option to check whether there are any clashing stories that were made. This can assist you with understanding the realities somewhat better and you will have the option to recount if there were clashing stories or not.</p><p></p><p>One thing you will need to ensure when you are doing your exploration papers on World War two is that you discover the date when a specific occasion occurred. For instance, you will need to get familiar with the date of an occasion like the Normandy attack in the event that it is excessively far before. It is essential to know the date since you can discover how much time there was between this occasion and when you caught wind of it. By knowing the date, you will have the option to comprehend if this was continuously or on the off chance that it was in the past.</p><p></p><p>A huge piece of inquiring about World War 2 is keeping your fundamental realities straight. On the off chanc e that you continue changing or altering your realities when you compose your papers, it very well may be hard to compose a decent paper on World War two. Hence, ensure that you comprehend what the principle realities are.</p><p></p><p>Another thing that can help you when you are doing your examination papers on World War two is to find out about how you can change them so as to make them additionally fascinating. For instance, you can rework the World War II in a manner that would make it all the more fascinating by including individual experience. Also, you can include tales and stories from different sources as well.</p><p></p><p>Research papers on World War two can be extremely intriguing on the off chance that you do a smidgen of research and give yourself the instruments to recollect and compose a decent paper. Utilize essential sources, utilize the Internet to see whether there are any motion pictures or network shows that have managed this timeframe and ensure that you utilize an eye for detail when you are composing your papers.</p>

How to Make a DNA Model out of Candy

There are many common materials you can use to form the double helix shape of DNA. Its easy to make a DNA model out of candy. Heres how a candy DNA molecule is constructed. Once youve completed the science project, you can eat your model as a snack. Key Takeaways: Candy DNA Model Candy is a fun and edible construction material that is perfect for making a model of DNA.The key ingredients are a rope-like candy to serve as the DNA backbone and gummy candies to act as the bases.A good DNA model shows base pair bonding (adenine to thymine; guanine to cytosine) and the double helix shape of the DNA molecule. Smaller candies may be used to add more detail to the model. The Structure of DNA In order to construct a model of DNA, you need to know what it looks like. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or double helix. The sides of the ladder are the DNA backbone, made up of repeating units of a pentose sugar (deoxyribose) bonded to a phosphate group. The rungs of the ladder are the bases or nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The ladder is twisted slightly to make a helix shape. Candy DNA Model Materials You have several options here. Basically, you need 1-2 colors of rope-like candy for the backbone. Licorice is good, but you can find gum or fruit sold in strips, too. Use four different colors of soft candy for the bases. Good choices include colored marshmallows and gumdrops. Just be sure to choose a candy you can puncture using a toothpick. LicoriceSmall colored marshmallows or gummy candy (4 different colors)Toothpicks Construct the DNA Molecule Model Assign a base to a candy color. You need exactly four colors of candies, which will correspond to adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. If you have extra colors, you can eat them.Pair up the candies. Adenine binds to thymine. Guanine binds to cytosine. The bases do not bond to any others! For example, adenine never bonds to itself or to guanine or cytosine. Connect the candies by pushing a matched pair of them next to each other in the middle of a toothpick.Attach the pointy ends of the toothpicks to licorice strands, to form a ladder shape.If you like, you can twist the licorice to show how the ladder forms a double helix. Twist the ladder counterclockwise to make a helix like the one that occurs in living organisms. The candy helix will unravel unless you use toothpicks to hold the top and bottom of the ladder to cardboard or polystyrene foam. DNA Model Options If you like, you can cut pieces of red and black licorice to make a more detailed backbone. One color is the phosphate group, while the other is the pentose sugar. If you choose to use this method, cut the licorice into 3 pieces and alternate colors on a string or pipecleaner. The candy needs to be hollow, so licorice is the best choice for this variation of the model. Attach bases to the pentose sugar parts of the backbone. Its helpful to make a key to explain the parts of the model. Either draw and label the model on paper or attach candies to cardboard and label them. Quick DNA Facts DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids, an important class of biological molecules.DNA is the blueprint or code for all of the proteins formed in an organism. For this reason, it is also called the genetic code.New DNA molecules are made by breaking the ladder shape of DNA down the middle and filling in the missing pieces to make 2 molecules. This process is called transcription.DNA makes proteins through a process called translation. In translation, the information from DNA is used to make RNA, which goes to the ribosomes of a cell to make amino acids, which are joined to make polypeptides and proteins. Making a DNA model isnt the only science project you can do using candy. Use extra materials to try other experiments!

Ideas For Presentations - Selecting The Best Topics

<h1>Ideas For Presentations - Selecting The Best Topics</h1><p>In request to utilize the accessible thoughts for introductions, it is a smart thought to audit some broad focuses. Along these lines, it will be simpler to choose the correct thoughts for presentations.</p><p></p><p>People who are searching for unique thoughts for introductions ought to think about a few things. The primary thing that they ought to do is to make a rundown of their fundamental theme. The subsequent thing is to look at their experience, interests and the measure of time that they need to spend on their introductions. Above all, they ought to consider the spending they have.</p><p></p><p>Another factor to consider with regards to choosing the thoughts for introductions is to recall different focuses. The exact opposite thing that they ought to recollect is that they should choose something that would be fascinating to them. It is likewise sig nificant for them to recall that they ought to shout out about their ideas.</p><p></p><p>By methods for this, they can introduce their one of a kind plans to a wide scope of individuals and make various perspectives. They can likewise give them others' thoughts and occasions in a similar way. In any case, they should observe that the thought they have ought to be convincing and dependable. They ought to likewise recall that these thoughts ought to be tried for validity and unwavering quality before introducing it.</p><p></p><p>They ought to likewise ensure that they don't pick something that would cause individuals to feel immaterial. Rather, they should attempt to pick thoughts that would make individuals keen on what they are going to say.</p><p></p><p>For model, with regards to choosing an astounding thought for an introduction, they should ensure that they keep it as brief as could reasonably be expected. Ac tually, this can be a very smart thought since it will make it simpler for them to introduce their introduction. Additionally, it is a smart thought for them to ensure that they offer them to somebody with the position to assist them with introducing their thoughts. It is additionally significant for them to pick an individual who can pay attention to their thoughts. Indeed, this can be a generally excellent thought particularly on the off chance that they have not done any readiness previously. By methods for this, they can pay attention to the thoughts and prepare them for presenting.</p><p></p><p>To close, it is constantly fundamental for individuals to consider various things with regards to conceptualizing thoughts for introductions. Individuals who have information in various things can utilize this data to make it simpler for them to introduce the subjects that they have prepared.</p>

APA Paper Sample For College Courses

APA Paper Sample For College CoursesYou probably have heard about APA paper sample for college professors and the differences between the type of material they teach in class. You may be also aware that many universities are offering special scholarships for graduates who are working in the corporate sector. The good news is, your graduate school can award you with one if you find the right place to study and earn an MBA degree.Depending on the institutions you choose, you may get either the Associate's degree or Bachelor's degree depending on which type of college courses you want to take. You will need to look at your options and plan the programs that you can take to earn an education that you desire for the future.With that said, there are several colleges that offer APA Paper Sample for college courses. Before you select the college that you can enroll in, you should first search through the list of different colleges you can attend. This will help you determine which of the top ranked colleges you would like to attend to earn your degree.The three main types of degree programs that are offered at the four-year level include: Associate's degree, Bachelor's degree, and Master's degree. This will depend on whether you are going to get your degree from a community college or a four-year university. Also, you should make sure that you can pay for the tuition fee for classes you can take because the high tuition fees might put you behind in your studies.A lot of schools offer some sort of APA Paper Sample for college courses. The kind of course that you are required to take will depend on your major and the college you choose to attend. A Bachelor's degree program can require a more diverse set of APA Paper Sample for college courses than a Master's degree program.Usually, a Bachelor's degree program will require courses like Intro to Sociology, Sociology, American History, Psychology, Sociology, Education, Advanced Sociology, General Sociology, and Business So ciology. An Associate's degree program will only require Sociology, but a higher selection of Sociology classes will be available. Your choices will be limited to: Critical Sociology, Social Theory, American Sociology, Ethnicity and Culture, and Gender and Society.In order to earn a master's degree, you will need to take courses such as: Sociology, American Sociology, Global Politics, Sociology of Finance, Social Theory, Analysis of Media, and Sociology of Sport. You will also need to take general education classes that could range from General Education (GED) and AP classes.

Essay about Economic, Political, and Social Change Worksheet

University of Phoenix Material Jenifer Hoang April 27, 2015 Economic, Social, and Political Change Worksheet Agricultural Revolution Respond to each of the following questions in two to three sentences: 1 What are the three most important factors contributing to the agricultural revolution in Europe? The three most important factors are advanced farming equipment, three field system, and warmer temperature. 2 How did the agricultural revolution change European society? Provide an example. The agricultural revolution changed European society for the better by providing more jobs to people the more new farming equipment was in demand and also helped people move ttheir lives away from farming itself and expand Europe. Industrial†¦show more content†¦A new mind set of reason took place. The role of women - The role of women changed drastically as they were now given more responsibilities in society along with jobs and incomes. 4 Science - Science no longer sounded like witch craft and research became a very important part of society as more and more questions needed answers. The drive to build newer and better everything was pushing science forward. 5 Anti-Semitism - Realism was on the rise as people began to question how and why towards certain rules, beliefs and traditions. People wanted to be free of the imaginative portrayal of life and wanted to see things for what they really were. Western Political Change between 1815 and 1870 Write two to three sentences per concept about how the following contributed to political change between 1815 and 1870: 6 Liberalism - Liberalism was on the rise as this was representative of the middle class of people in society. More care and importance was being given to the middle class through liberalism as it looked out for individual rights and needs. 7 Conservatism - Conservatism was slowly on the down fall as it was normally made by those who wanted the government to have more power over the people. 8 The alliance system - Rose up to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte. It also stood to maintain strength against future French upheaval. 9 TheShow MoreRelatedEnvironmental Risk Assessment931 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Risk Assessment Worksheet Name ENV/420 Date Instructor Risk Assessment Worksheet Ecological Risk Assessment Framework The framework of ecological risk assessment consists of a problem statement (formulation), risk analysis, risk characterization, and risk management. 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Pharmacology Diagnosis and Treatment

Question: Discuss about the case study Pharmacology for Diagnosis and Treatment. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to develop an evidence-based pharmacology paper on Asthma. It will give relevant information about the diagnosis and treatment of Asthma. It will review the current literature on asthma and identify what is known and what is known about the issues present in the disease process. The paper will explain the possible approaches to the treatment of the condition and will defend the final selection of therapy from other procedures. Finally, it will refer the follow-up treatment options for patients with Asthma and accordingly create a referral plan for treatment of Asthma. Pathophysiology of Asthma Asthma is a pulmonary condition characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways of the lungs due to tightening of respiratory smooth muscles and events of bronchoconstriction. About 5% of children with Asthma suffer from severe exacerbation due to Asthma in spite of treatment with a variety of drugs. Severe asthma is characterized by structural changes of airways, comorbidities due to reduced lung function, airflow obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The common symptoms in asthma patients are wheeziness, asthma, shortness of breath and chest tightness. Approximately 26 million people are affected by the disease in U.S., and it is prevalent in 1 in 11 children (Holgate, 2012). It may be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to air allergens and medications like aspirin triggers the disease. The disease is diagnosed by the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy and pulmonary function test in individuals. The pathophysiology of asthma is a complex process and mainly involves the following components: Airway inflammation: The severity of asthma is divided in to acute, subacute or chronic airway inflammation. Airway inflammation is triggered by eosinophil infiltration, mucus hypersecretion, muscle hyperplasia and desquamation of epithelium. Mast cells, eosinophils, epithelial cells, macrophages and activated T-lymphocytes are responsible for airway inflammation. Airway hyperresponsiveness occurs in response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Pharmacologically active substance stimulates smooth muscles of airways. In chronic asthma patient, hyperplasia of smooth muscles may not be reversible. Cytokine imbalance is the reason for the rise in cases of Asthma in developed countries (Obaseki et al., 2014). Airflow obstruction: Airflow Obstruction in Asthma patient is caused by acute bronchoconstriction, airway edema, and chronic mucous formation. The release of immunoglobin E-dependent mediator in response to aeroallergens leads to acute bronchoconstriction, and it is the manifestation of early asthmatic response. Airway edema occurs after 6-20 hours of allergen exposure, and long-standing inflammation may result in structural changes in the airway. It severely influences the reversibility of airway obstruction (Lange, 2013). Bronchial hyperresponsiveness: Alveolar hypoxia, inconsistent airflow resistance and change in airway circulation due to hyperinflation lead to ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Generally in the early stages of asthma, patient suffers from acute hypoxemia due to inability of carbon dioxide retention. It further leads to decrease in PaCo2 and worsening of airways obstruction. In later stages, increases cardiac output lead to metabolic acidosis because of retention of carbon dioxide (Guan et al., 2014). Age is also a factor for the continuum of disease. Recent studies on condition have revealed that deficits in lung function have been seen in only those children where the symptoms started within three years of life. This will be a major challenge in designing intervention for asthma. So it is necessary to distinguish between patients whose symptoms become evident before three years and between those whose symptoms occurs after six years age. The risk factors identified for developing asthma in children younger than three years include parental history of asthma, sensitization to aeroallergens evidence of sensitization to certain foods (Stucky et al., 2014). Genomic issues in disease process Asthma has affected millions individual worldwide. The complex etiology of asthma is related to genetic and environmental factors. The genome-wide studies on asthma have shown that genes encoding epithelial cell-cytokines, an IL-33 and IL1RL1 gene encoding IL-3 receptor, ST2 facilitate the activation of T-helper cells and lead to the pathogenesis of asthma. This finding of susceptible asthma genes has helped in expanding the understanding of the biological pathways that are dysregulated in asthma patients. Further study will assist in unraveling the complex mechanism of disease traits and the treatment procedure (Ferreira et al., 2014). 50% of asthma case occurs due to genetic susceptibility and 50% due to environmental factors. Various researches have been done regarding genetic predisposition to asthma, but still identification of all asthma genes has not yet been possible. Positional cloning study has identified five asthma genes (ADAM33, DPP10, GRPA, PHF11 and SPINK5). However, the exact function of this gene is still not clear. Some suggested that they deal with damage caused by external environment, or they exerted their effect within cells of the mucosa. Therefore the detail about exact function of asthma-related gene is still incomplete, and further research needs to do to relate epithelial barrier to gene interaction (Wan et al., 2012). Literature reviews on asthma and its treatment A study on genetic research on severe asthma revealed that hereditary and environmental factors are responsible for developing asthma. Many studies tried to identify the genetic cause of asthma by gene expression and epigenetic studies. It helped in the analysis of functional genes involved. This study reviewed the recent findings on genetic research studies of asthma. It revealed that genes like IL4RA and two SNPs were responsible for severe exacerbation lowered lung function in asthma patients. The heritability of asthma is up to 70 % in children and methods developed in parallel with Human Genome Project has helped in identifying the genetic causes of asthma. It also explained the susceptibility of asthma due to gene-environment interaction such as air pollution, tobacco smoke and genes involved in the anti-oxidative system, inflammatory response and innate immunity. These factors have induced the formation of airway inflammation and development of asthma symptoms (Melen Pershage n, 2012). Another study investigated the involvement of mast cells in the development of stress due to asthma by the activation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). The study was dependent on epidemiological data linking stress to asthma and their explanation on how stress has an affect on asthma. The study showed that stress might be related to socioeconomic status, interpersonal conflicts, emotional stress and terrorism. It showed an association between all forms of stress and asthma manifestation. It proposed that mast cells, responsible for asthma is activated by CRH and it is secreted mainly under stress in the lungs. This leads to the release of proinflammatory mediators triggered by the cytokine. The study concluded that more research is required to investigate CRH release and reducing stress by mast cell blockers to find a new therapeutic approach to asthma (Theoharides et al., 2012). The studies on treatment of asthma revealed that advances in biological therapies could be useful for the treatment of chronic asthma. It showed that recent research on the knowledge of asthma pathobiology has lead to the approval of humanized immunoglobulin E-targeted antibody Omalizumab. It suggested that this add-on treatment will help in assist in controlling severe cases of airway diseases. There is also much evidence to support that interleukin-5 and IL-13 specific drugs are efficient for treating asthma. It has helped to change the scenario of asthma conditions in patients. It explained that therapeutic response might differ from one individual to another, and the need is to characterize asthma subtypes so that phenotype-targeted biologics treatment can be implemented (Pelaia et al., 2012). One literature investigated whether Omalizumab can make the difference in treating asthma exacerbation. The drug has been shown to decrease the rate of hospitalizations in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma. The study analyzed the condition under which Omalizumab is prescribed to patients and investigated whether it utilizes additional treatment to decrease the symptoms or not. It collected data on asthma treatment with oral corticosteroids but no use of Omalizumab. It assesses the risk of hospitalization for asthma two months before Omalizumab treatment. The comparison with patients who used Omalizumab showed that adjusted relative risk of hospitalization decreased significantly in patients with asthma. So it concludes that use of Omalizumab with add-on treatment is useful for reducing the risk of hospitalization due to asthma (Grimaldi-Bensouda et al., 2013). Approach to literature review The plan for collecting data was to find evidence-based pharmacology papers on asthma which revealed the reasons for the manifestation of the disease condition, and they key treatment available for the illness. They key words used were pathogenesis of asthma', the socioeconomic stress of asthma, morbidity related to asthma, and recent treatment procedure for asthma. The information was collected from ScienceDirect, Pubmed data bases, Medscape data, journal articles of applied physiology, and journal articles of the American Chest Physician and content of Drug Discovery database. The approach was to find recent development in disease findings and treatment. The purpose was also to identify the drawbacks of the literature and find that information which has not yet been researched for a proper understanding of the conditions of asthma and its cause. Published clinical guideline for asthma The American Thoracic Society (ATS) and European Respiratory Society (ERS) developed a guideline on evaluation and treatment of asthma in children and adults. It gave detail on how to confirm the diagnosis of asthma and how to differentiate between severe asthma and mild asthma. Next step was to determine whether asthma was under control or not. Then the pathophysiology of the disease was evaluated, and it recognized factors like environmental exposure, genetic cause, adaptive immunity, activation of innate immune pathways and structural abnormality as the cause of illness. It also analyzed the efficacy of different treatment options and its particular use in special groups of patients (Chung et al., 2013). Various possible approach for the treatment of asthma No single approach to treatment is appropriate for all asthma patients. The need is to identify which approach will be suitable for the particular patient according to the pattern of symptoms observed in them. The goal of treatment procedure is to control chronic symptoms of asthma and minimize morbidities from acute asthmatic episodes. The approach to asthma management is divided into three age groups mainly 0-4 years, 5-11 years and above 12 years. All patients should be assessed every six months for asthma control. The following are the possible approach of treatment: Proper use of medication: Quick relief medicines like rapid-acting beta2 agonist and anticholinergics is required in asthma patients to control sudden flare up of asthma symptoms. These are bronchodilator drugs which expand the airway and helps control exercise-induced asthma. It minimizes the symptoms, but it does not control airway inflammation. Chronic asthma patients require long-term medicines like inhaled corticosteroids, immunomodulators, leukotrienes modifiers and theophylline to reduce symptoms. It helps to reduce airway inflammation and preventing symptoms from starting point. It helps avoid the chain reaction associated with asthma symptoms. Other medicines include Cromolyn inhaled through nebulizer and Omalizumab injection shots which eliminate response generated due to allergen exposure (Fajt, Wenzel, 2015). Use of immunotherapy: Allergy shots are used in treating that asthma which is triggered by an allergen. It gives patient relieves from allergy symptoms and build immunity against the allergens like pollens, dust mite, etc. The dose of injection is increased with time and eventually reduces symptoms. Sublingual tablets are also used to impart immunity against certain allergens (Lin et al., 2013). Use of anti-interleukin-5 therapy: Some asthma leads to fatal or near-fatal exacerbations. Another approach to treating symptoms of asthma includes pharmacological management by identifying specific cytokines involved. Eosinophils play key role in the progression of asthma causing airway damage due to the various mechanisms. Numerous clinical trials have shown that activation of eosinophils is regulated by interleukin-5. Therefore interfering with eosinophil function or reducing it numbers can be a useful approach for targeting cytokine receptor interaction like IL-5 (Garcia et al., 2013). Treatment for special groups: Diagnosis of asthma in children below five years is difficult. They are generally treated by long-term control medicines. Treatment of asthma in an older patient is also difficult as they take other drugs like aspirin which may worsen the symptoms. Inhaling corticosteroids may also lead to weakness of bones. Pregnant women develop the risk of high blood pressure and protein in the urine. It may result in early birth and symptoms is managed by medicines. Final selection of approach The identification of drawbacks in each treatment option will help in selecting the final approach for the treatment process. Although long-term medications are beneficial, inhaled corticosteroids reduce child's growth rate. Asthma medications may control symptoms, but discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy leads to remission of symptoms. Use of medication also lead to life-threatening anaphylaxis which a doctor has to control immediately. Short and long-acting beta agonist bronchodilators are useful in treating patients with severe asthma but develop risk of toxicity. Often more dose is recommended than actually stated in expert guidelines. Leukotrienes modifiers had shown to prevent exacerbation when combined corticosteroid therapy. Immunotherapy helps in controlling allergen associated asthma by reducing the response to allergens. But it is often related to severe anaphylaxis leading to death. It is also risky for children below two years and pregnant women. Therefore counting on the associated risk factors, it is estimated that anti-interleukin therapy will be the best approach for treating asthma (Ober, Yao, 2011). Interluekin-5 has been found to play a significant role in eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Recent research on the trial of anti-IL-5 therapy showed that it has significantly reduced the morbidity associated with asthma. IL-5 antagonism has helped patient with the hypereosinophyllic syndrome to lessen the dose of corticosteroids significantly, and it also assisted in marinating the count of eosinophils. It was found to be beneficial in treating both children and adults. This evidence further supported in the final selection of anti-IL-5 therapy as the most useful approach to treating patients with asthma and hypereosinophilic syndrome. This therapy is advisable for patients who are receiving other high doses of glucocorticoids and who continue to have high eosinophil count in sputum (Liu et al., 2013). Follow up treatment After the final selection of therapy process for asthma, it is necessary for the patient to make an asthma response plan. It will clearly state the daily dose of medication and when it should be taken. Follow-up treatment is also dependent on how far symptoms are under control in individual patients and the frequency of asthma attacks. The asthma control may change with time, so it necessary to monitor asthma symptoms from a doctor every six months. If the symptoms are not in control, then the medication may be increased, and if it is decreasing, treatment process may be lowered. This adjustment to medication is the best way manage and control severity of asthma disease in patients (Kang et al., 2013). Conclusion On the whole, it can be concluded that the paper gave useful evidence-based information on the pathophysiology of asthma disease and the efficacy of treatment options. Through the review of the literature on asthma, it found out recent development about the illness. Secondly, analysis of the different approach to asthma treatment helped in defending the best choice possible for the health of patient and minimizing the symptoms of asthma. It gave useful information into additional follow treatment in such patient too. Reference Chung, K. F., Wenzel, S. E., Brozek, J. L., Bush, A., Castro, M., Sterk, P. J., ... Boulet, L. P. (2013). International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma.European Respiratory Journal, erj02020-2013. Fajt, M. L., Wenzel, S. E. (2015). 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